Abstract
This review sought to assess the in vitro research conducted on the cytotoxicity of various root canal sealants.
Background:
In endodontic treatment, root canal sealers are utilised as fillers to close the spaces between the canal walls and the gutta-percha cone. Since these materials interact periapically with human cells, it is important to comprehend their cytotoxicity to human-derived cells.
Review results:
Ten in vitro studies were chosen for review. sealers were tested for cytotoxicity on human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells (HPDLSC), and Mouse fibroblast cells (L929 and NIH/3T3). Concerning cytotoxicity, the research was varied, with the majority relying on the 3 (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Conclusion:
The research indicated that root canal sealers can lead to mild to severe cytotoxic effects, with various factors affecting this outcome, including the setting time of the material, its concentration, and the length of exposure.
Clinical significance:
Endodontic sealers function to fill the spaces between the gutta-percha cone and the canal wall; however, understanding their biocompatibility is crucial since the material is expelled beyond the apical foramen, where it interacts with nearby tissues. The influence of sealers on adjacent tissues impacts the healing process and the treatment's outcome.

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Copyright (c) 2025 M I Shanavaz, Aravind R Kudva, Prathap M.S, Thesnymol T M, Nishi Jayasheelan, Satwik Varadraj (Author)